Sistematización de los resultados de los primeros diez años del Tribunal de Ética Médica del Colegio Médico del Uruguay

Introducción: la colegiación médica obligatoria es el ámbito con competencia exclusiva para el juzgamiento de la responsabilidad ética de los médicos en Uruguay. Objetivos: sistematizar los resultados de los primeros diez años de la vigencia de la colegiación obligatoria, conocer el número de denuncias y su evolución histórica, algunas características relevantes de las denuncias, los denunciantes y los médicos denunciados por presuntos apartamientos de la ética médica, características y resultados de los procedimientos, así como relevar las normas éticas y jurídicas referenciadas por los tribunales en los fallos sancionatorios. Material y método: se analizaron fuentes de información de acceso público: fallos del Tribunal de Ética y del Tribunal de Alzada, resoluciones del Ministerio de Salud Pública y datos de la actividad del Tribunal de Ética Médica contenidos en las memorias anuales del Colegio Médico del Uruguay. Resultados: a la fecha de cierre del reporte se habían publicado 100 fallos firmes. Los denunciantes fueron principalmente personas físicas (n=85), y, dentro de ellos, mayoritariamente médicos (n=56); los 29 restantes fueron pacientes, familiares de pacientes u otros miembros de la comunidad. Hubo 15 denuncias interpuestas por instituciones: 8 privadas y 7 públicas. La mayoría de las denuncias fueron promovidas por médicos o por instituciones médicas (n=63). Las denuncias involucraron a 131 médicos, de los cuales 89 son hombres (FR: 0,68); la edad promedio fue 52 años. Los fallos definitivos tuvieron por probado que 71 médicos habían cometido la falta ética denunciada. Conclusiones: 1. Hubo cierta estabilidad en el número de denuncias admitidas, con tendencia al crecimiento. 2. El universo de los denunciados es más masculinizado y envejecido que el promedio, con mayor exposición en servicios de emergencia o internación, especialidades quirúrgicas o que ejecutan procedimientos invasivos, así como para los cargos de gestión, administración o políticos. 3. La mayoría de las denuncias instruidas y de las sanciones aplicadas derivaron de conflictos en la interna de los equipos de salud. 4. Las sanciones más graves derivaron de conflictos con pacientes o sus familias, y, en especial, de actos abusivos con connotación sexual. 5. Los fallos sancionatorios se fundaron en normas jurídicas diversas que en los últimos años incluyeron referencias a convenciones internacionales y legislación nacional de derechos humanos.

Mandatory medical membership is the exclusive jurisdiction for the adjudication of ethical responsibilities of physicians in Uruguay. Objectives: To systematize the results of the first ten years of mandatory membership, to learn about the number of complaints and their historical evolution, to identify relevant characteristics of the complaints, the complainants, and the physicians accused of alleged breaches of medical ethics, to examine the features and outcomes of the proceedings, and to document the ethical and legal standards referenced by the courts in punitive rulings. Method: Publicly accessible sources of information were analyzed, including rulings from the Ethics Tribunal and the Court of Appeal, Resolutions from the Ministry of Public Health, and data regarding TEM's (Tribunal de Ética Médica or Medical Ethics Tribunal) activities found in the annual reports of the CMU (Colegio Médico del Uruguay or Medical Association of Uruguay). Results: As of the report's closing date, 100 final rulings had been published. The reporting individuals were primarily individuals (n=85), with most of them being medical professionals (n=56). The remaining 29 reporting individuals included patients, patients' family members, or other community members. There were 15 complaints filed by institutions: 8 private institutions and 7 public institutions. Most of the allegations were initiated by physicians or medical institutions (n=63). The reports involved 131 physicians, of whom 89 were male (male-to-female ratio: 0.68), with an average age of 52 years. The final rulings established that 71 physicians had committed the alleged ethical misconduct. Conclusions: 1. There was a degree of stability in the number of admitted allegations, with a trend toward growth. 2. The group of individuals who were reported is characterized by a higher proportion of males and tends to be older compared to the average. They also have a greater exposure to emergency or inpatient services, surgical specialties, or fields involving invasive procedures, as well as holding positions in management, administration, or politics. 3. Most of the investigations and sanctions issued stemmed from conflicts within healthcare teams. 4. The most severe sanctions resulted from conflicts with patients or their families, particularly those involving abusive acts with sexual connotations. 5. The punitive rulings were based on various legal standards, including recent references to international conventions and national human rights legislation.

A filiação médica obrigatória ao Colegio Médico del Uruguay (CMU) é a área de competência exclusiva para julgar a responsabilidade ética dos médicos no Uruguai. Objetivos: sistematizar os resultados dos dez primeiros da vigência da adesão obrigatória, conhecer o número de reclamações e a sua evolução histórica, algumas características relevantes das reclamações, os denunciantes e os médicos denunciados por supostos desvios à ética médica, características e resultados dos procedimentos, bem como destacar os padrões éticos e legais mencionadas pelos tribunais nas decisões sancionatórias. Material e método: foram analisadas fontes de informação de acesso público: acórdãos do Tribunal de Ética e do Tribunal da Relação, Resoluções do Ministério da Saúde Pública e dados sobre a atividade do Tribunal de Ética Médica constantes dos relatórios anuais do CMU. Resultados: até a data de encerramento do relatório, 100 decisões finais foram publicadas. Os reclamantes eram, em sua maioria indivíduos (n=85) e, entre eles, principalmente médicos (n=56); os 29 restantes eram pacientes, familiares de pacientes ou outros membros da comunidade. Quinze denúncias foram apresentadas por instituições: 8 privadas e 7 públicas. A maioria das reclamações forma iniciadas por médicos ou instituições médicas (n=63). As denúncias envolveram 131 médicos, dos quais 89 eram homens (FR: 0,68); a idade média era de 52 anos. As decisões finais provaram que 71 médicos haviam cometido os desvios éticos relatados. Conclusões: 1. Verificou-se alguma estabilidade no número de reclamações admitidas, com tendência ao crescimento. 2. O universo dos denunciados é mais masculino e mais velho que a média, com maior exposição a serviços de urgência ou de internação, especialidades cirúrgicas ou que realizam procedimentos invasivos, bem como a cargos de gestão, administração ou políticos. 3. A maioria das queixas apresentadas e das sanções aplicadas decorrem de conflitos no seio das equipes de saúde. 4. As sanções mais graves derivam de conflitos com pacientes ou seus familiares e, especialmente, de atos abusivos com conotações sexuais. 5. As decisões de sanção foram baseadas em diversas normas legais, que nos últimos anos incluíram referências a convenções internacionais e legislação nacional em matéria de direitos humanos.

Preparación y enfrentamiento a la pandemia de la COVID-19

Los desastres sanitarios han afectado la humanidad desde sus albores. En otras epidemias, las bajas causadas se contabilizan por cientos de miles. La preparación para el enfrentamiento a la epidemia de la COVID-19 en el hospital Militar de Matanzas, "Dr. Mario Muñoz Monroy", comenzó tempranamente. Con el objetivo de analizar esa experiencia, se reflexiona sobre los resultados del enfrentamiento en el año 2020, a partir de los principales aspectos, las coordinaciones con otros organismos, las decisiones tomadas, cambios estructurales y modificaciones de procesos institucionales. Consolidar la superación científica ha sido un pilar permanente, junto con la disciplina, la responsabilidad personal y social de los miembros del colectivo.

Health disasters have affected humanity since its dawn. In other epidemics, the casualties caused number in the hundreds of thousands. The preparation for confronting the COVID-19 epidemic at the Military Hospital of Matanzas, "Dr. Mario Muñoz Monroy", began early. In order to analyze this experience, we reflect on the results of the confrontation in 2020, based on the main aspects, the coordination with other organizations, the decisions made, structural changes and modifications of institutional processes. Consolidating scientific improvement has been a permanent pillar, along with discipline, personal and social responsibility of the members of the collective.

Adverse events in anesthesia: Analysis of claims against anesthesiologists affiliated to an insurance fund in Colombia. Cross-sectional study / Eventos adversos en anestesia: Análisis de las reclamaciones contra anestesiólogos afiliados a un fondo de aseguramiento en Colombia. Estudio de corte transversal

Abstract Introduction: Prevention, identification, analysis and reduction of adverse events (AEs) are all activities designed to increase safety of care in the clinical setting. Closed claims reviews are a strategy that allows to identify patient safety issues. This study analyzes adverse events resulting in malpractice lawsuits against anesthesiologists affiliated to an insurance fund in Colombia between 2013-2019. Objective: To analyze adverse events in closed medicolegal lawsuits against anesthesiologists affiliated to an insurance fund between 2013-2019. Methods: Cross-sectional observational study. Convenience sampling was used, including all closed claims in which anesthesiologists affiliated to an insurance fund in Colombia were sued during the observation period. Variables associated with the occurrence of AEs were analyzed. Results: Overall, 71 claims were analyzed, of which 33.5% were due to anesthesia-related AEs. Adverse events were found more frequently among ASA I-II patients (78.9%), and in surgical procedures (95.8%). The highest number of adverse events occurred in plastic surgery (29.6%); the event with the highest proportion was patient death (43.7%). Flaws in clinical records and failure to comply with the standards were found in a substantial number of cases. Conclusions: When compared with a previously published study in the same population, an increase in ethical, disciplinary and administrative claims was found, driven by events not directly related to anesthesia. Most of the anesthesia-related events occurred in the operating room during surgical procedures in patients and procedures categorized as low risk, and most of them were preventable.

Resumen Introducción: La prevención, identificación, análisis y reducción de los eventos adversos (EA), son actividades direccionadas a incrementar la seguridad de la atención en el entorno clínico. El estudio de los casos cerrados es una estrategia que permite identificar problemas relacionados con la seguridad del paciente. En este estudio se analizan eventos adversos conducentes a procesos medicolegales cerrados contra anestesiólogos afiliados a un fondo de aseguramiento en Colombia entre 2013-2019. Objetivo: Analizar los eventos adversos en procesos medicolegales cerrados de anestesiólogos afiliados a un fondo de aseguramiento entre 2013-2019. Métodos: Estudio observacional de corte transversal. Se analizó una muestra a conveniencia en la que se incluyeron todos los casos cerrados en los que anestesiólogos afiliados a un fondo de aseguramiento en Colombia fueron objeto de reclamaciones en el período de observación. Se analizaron variables relacionadas con la presentación del EA. Resultados: Se analizaron 71 reclamaciones, de las cuales el 33,5 % fueron por EA relacionado con anestesia. Los eventos adversos se encontraron con mayor frecuencia en pacientes ASA I-II (78,9 %), y en procedimientos quirúrgicos (95,8 %). El mayor número de eventos adversos se presentó en cirugía plástica (29,6 %); el evento de mayor proporción fue el fallecimiento del paciente (43,7 %). En un importante número de casos se demostró fallos en el registro de la historia clínica e incumplimiento de normas. Conclusiones: En relación con un estudio publicado previamente en la misma población, se encuentra un incremento en los procesos éticos, disciplinarios y administrativos, motivados por eventos sin una relación directa con el acto anestésico. La mayoría de eventos adversos relacionados con anestesia se presentan en procedimientos quirúrgicos, en salas de cirugía, en pacientes y procedimientos catalogados como de bajo riesgo, y son en su mayoría prevenibles.

A conformidade jurídica das penalidades impostas por sociedades médicas de especialidades / The legal compliance of penalties imposed by specialty medical societies

Introdução: O estudo doravante desenvolvido propõe analisar as penalidades impostas por Sociedades de Especialidades Médicas, entidades organizadas sob a forma de associações civis, sobretudo se configuram usurpação legal de competência dos Conselhos Profissionais. Será investigada a natureza dessas punições e seus efeitos e alcances, no intuito de verificar se há efetivo prejuízo ao exercício profissional da medicina pelo galeno. Métodos: Para a referida análise, foram levantadas as normas aplicáveis dentro ordenamento jurídico brasileiro, sua sistematização e conflitos aparentes, a fim de situar as punições associativas e sua conformidade com a ordem jurídica vigente. Resultados/Conclusão: Verificou-se do estudo que não há qualquer óbice à aplicação de tal modalidade de sanções, uma vez respeitadas as garantias legais e constitucionais da ampla defesa, contraditório e devido processo legal.

Introduction: The study developed hereafter proposes to analyze the penalties imposed by Societies of Medical Specialties, entities organized in the form of civil associations, specially if they constitute legal usurpation of the competence of Professional Councils. The nature of these punishments and their effects and scope will be investigated, in order to verify whether there is effective damage to the professional practice of medicine by physicians. Methods: For this analysis, the applicable rules within the Brazilian legal system were raised, their systematization and apparent conflicts, in order to locate the associative punishments and their compliance with the current legal order. Results/Conclusion: It was verified from the study that there is no obstacle to the application of this type of sanctions, once the legal and constitutional guarantees of ample defense, contradictory and due process are respected.

[Practical use of digital health applications (DiGA) in internal medicine]. / Praktische Anwendung digitaler Gesundheitsanwendungen (DiGA) in der Inneren Medizin.

Since 2020 physicians can prescribe digital health applications (DiGA), also colloquially known as apps on prescription, which are reimbursed by the statutory health insurance when they are approved by the Federal Institute for Drugs and Medical Devices (BfArM) and are included in the DiGA Ordinance. Currently, there is one approved DiGA (indication obesity) for internal medicine. There are many questions on the practical use of the DiGA, ranging from the prescription, the effectiveness, the complexities and reimbursement as well as the liability risks. The DiGA are innovative new means, which maybe support internal medicine physicians in the diagnostics and treatment in the future. The benefits in this field of indications are limited by unclarified issues, especially on the prescription practice and the currently low number of DiGA available in internal medicine.

Direitos da criança e adolescente hospitalizados à luz da gestão da clínica / Derechos de los niños y adolescentes hospitalizados a la luz de la gestión de la clínica / Rights of hospitalized children and adolescents in light of clinic management

Resumo Objetivo Analisar o (des)cumprimento dos Direitos da Criança e Adolescente hospitalizados à luz da gestão da clínica. Métodos Pesquisa de métodos mistos, explanatória sequencial, realizada entre setembro e dezembro de 2019, em hospital universitário do Centro-Oeste do Brasil. Participaram 60 acompanhantes, oito profissionais e quatro estudantes da área da saúde, em setores de internação de crianças e adolescentes. Aplicou-se escala Likert com os vinte direitos na etapa quantitativa, e entrevista semiestruturada na qualitativa, com análise descritiva e de conteúdo, respectivamente. Os dados foram integrados por conexão e analisados à luz de princípios da gestão da clínica. Resultados Na etapa quantitativa, identificaram-se direitos com menores percentuais de cumprimento: permanecer ao lado da mãe ao nascer, receber aleitamento materno, apoio psicológico, recreação, acompanhamento do currículo escolar e morte digna. Nos resultados qualitativos identificou-se desconhecimento da resolução pelos participantes, considerando parcialmente cumpridos os direitos: não permanecer internado desnecessariamente, ter acompanhante, não ser separado da mãe ao nascer, receber aleitamento materno, não sentir dor, conhecimento da enfermidade, desfrutar de recreação e programas educacionais, receber informação, todos os recursos para cura, proteção contra maus tratos, preservação de imagem, não ser utilizado pela mídia e ter morte digna. Identificaram-se princípios da gestão da clínica limitados, exigindo estratégias de fomento no hospital. Conclusão Princípios da gestão da clínica mostraram-se fragilizados, especialmente os de orientação às necessidades de saúde e integralidade, transparência e responsabilização social..

Resumen Objetivo Analizar el (in)cumplimiento de los Derechos del Niño y del Adolescente hospitalizados a la luz de la gestión de la clínica. Métodos Investigación con métodos mixtos, explanatoria secuencial, realizada entre septiembre y diciembre de 2019, en un hospital universitario del medio oeste de Brasil. Participaron 60 acompañantes, ocho profesionales y cuatro estudiantes del área de la salud, en sectores de internación de niños y de adolescentes. Se aplicó una escala Likert con los veinte derechos en la etapa cuantitativa, y entrevista semiestructurada en la cualitativa, con análisis descriptivo y de contenido, respectivamente. Los datos se integraron por conexión y fueron analizados a la luz de principios de la gestión de la clínica. Resultados En la etapa cuantitativa, se identificaron derechos con menores porcentajes de cumplimiento: permanecer al lado de la madre al nascer, lactancia materna, apoyo psicológico, recreación, acompañamiento del currículum escolar y muerte digna. En los resultados cualitativos se identificó un desconocimiento de la resolución de parte de los participantes, considerando parcialmente cumplidos los derechos: no permanecer internado sin necesidad, tener un acompañante, no separarse de la madre en el nacimiento, lactancia materna, no sentir dolor, conocimiento de la enfermedad, disfrutar de la recreación y programas educativos, recibir información, todos los recorridos para la curación, protección contra malos tratos, preservación de la imagen, no ser utilizado por los medios y tener una muerte digna. Se identificaron principios de la gestión de la clínica limitados, exigiendo estrategias de fomento en el hospital. Conclusión Principios de la gestión de la clínica se mostraron fragilizados, especialmente los de orientación a las necesidades de salud e integralidad, transparencia y responsabilización social.

Abstract Objective To analyze the (non)compliance with the rights of hospitalized children and adolescents in light of clinic management. Methods This is a mixed methods research, sequential explanatory, carried out between September and December 2019, in a university hospital in center-western Brazil. Sixty companions, eight professionals and four health care students participated in hospitalization sectors for children and adolescents. A Likert-type scale was applied with the twenty rights in the quantitative stage, and semi-structured interviews in the qualitative stage, with descriptive and content analysis, respectively. Data were integrated by connection and analyzed in light of clinic management principles. Results In the quantitative stage, rights were identified with the lowest percentages of compliance: staying by the mother's side at birth, being breastfed, psychological support, recreation, monitoring the school curriculum and dignified death. In the qualitative results, it was identified that participants did not know about the resolution, considering that the rights were partially complied with: not being hospitalized unnecessarily, having a companion, not being separated from the mother at birth, being breastfed, not feeling pain, knowing the disease, enjoying recreation and educational programs, receiving information, all resources for healing, protection against abuse, preservation of image, not being used by the media and having a dignified death. Limited principles of clinic management were identified, requiring development strategies in the hospital. Conclusion Principles of clinic management were weakened, especially those related to health needs and comprehensiveness, transparency and social accountability.

Patterns and predictors of personal responsibility attributions after major trauma.

BACKGROUND: External responsibility attributions after injury are associated with worse recovery. However, there remains limited understanding of who accepts personal responsibilityfor their injury and whether or how responsibility attributions change over time. METHODS: This prospective cohort study included patients who received care from recovery co-ordinators following serious injury and admission to a major trauma centre in Victoria, Australia (n=850). Self-reported personal responsibility attributions (totally, partially, not responsible, or did not know) were collected at three timepoints (admission, discharge, and six months post-injury) and linked to demographic, injury and clinical characteristics from the Victorian State Trauma Registry. RESULTS: Mixed effects multinomial analyses revealed that female sex (adjusted relative risk ratio, aRRR=3.11-4.66) and compensable injury (aRRR=7.83-15.27) were associated with reporting lower personal responsibility relative to total responsibility. Falls and motorcyclists had decreased risk of reporting lower personal responsibility than non-drivers (motor vehicle/motorcycle passengers, cyclists and pedestrians) (aRRR=0.11-0.19). More than one-third of participants changed their personal responsibility attribution within six months post-injury. Kappa analyses revealed fair to moderate agreement between the three timepoints (kappa=0.38-0.59), and Stuart-Maxwell tests showed unidirectional bias towards reporting lower levels of personal responsibility between admission and discharge (p<0.001). No demographic, health or injury characteristics predicted a change in responsibility attributions in logistic regression analyses. CONCLUSIONS: Personal responsibility attributions often change over time. Therefore, responsibility attributions should not be considered static, and attributions made at different times post-injury should not be used interchangeably in research or clinical settings. Given that external responsibility attributions are associated with worse post-injury outcomes, potential interventions to optimise recovery should be prioritised for patients who predominantly report lower levels of personal responsibility, especially women and people with compensable injuries. Meanwhile, factors associated with high levels of personal responsibility highlight opportunities to implement targeted injury prevention strategies.

O exercício da docência à luz do Código de Ética Odontológica / The exercise of teaching in the light of the Dental Code of Ethics

No presente estudo, os autores se propõem a avaliar o conhecimento e a postura dos docentes de uma universidade pública do Nordeste do Brasil frente aos artigos 34 e 35 do Código de Ética Odontológica, relativos ao magistério. Por meio de um questionário com quesitos discursivos, os docentes efetivos que se dispuseram a participar (61%) demonstraram em grande parte conhecer a legislação ética e adotar uma postura adequada, havendo, todavia, divergência quanto à possibilidade de flexibilização para a participação de graduandos em cursos de pós-graduação, o que contraria a legislação do ensino e pode demonstrar interesse na prática como forma de incentivar o mercado do ensino odontológico... (AU)

In the present study, the authors propose to evaluate the knowledge and posture of professors at a public university in the Northeast of Brazil in relation to articles 34 and 35 of the Dental Code of Ethics, related to teaching. The research was made by means of a questionnaire with discursive questions and the effective professors who were willing to participate (61%) demonstrated to have a large knowledge of the ethical legislation and to adopt an adequate posture, however, there was disagreement as to the possibility of flexibility for the participation of undergraduates in post-graduation courses, which goes against the teaching legislation and may show interest in practice as a way to encourage the dental education market... (AU)

Tipos penais no exercício profissional de enfermagem: abordagem quantitativa / Tipos penales en el ejercicio profesional de enfermería: enfoque cuantitativo / Legal actions in professional nursing practice: a quantitative approach

Resumo Objetivo: Descrever as ocorrências éticas de enfermagem envolvendo tipos penais nos processos éticos (PEs) julgados pelo Conselho Regional de Enfermagem de São Paulo (Coren/SP). Métodos: Estudo descritivo de abordagem quantitativa. A amostra foi constituída por documentos relacionados a 169 profissionais julgados em 2012 e 2013 no Coren-SP por ocorrências envolvendo tipos penais. Resultados: Profissionais de nível médio foram os mais envolvidos (71%), com maior participação de Auxiliares de Enfermagem (46,12%). Detectou-se maior prevalência de iniciantes no exercício profissional. As ocorrências descritas como tipos penais foram: homicídio; lesão corporal; abandono de incapaz; maus tratos; injúria; furto; apropriação indébita; estelionato; vilipêndio a cadáver; estupro; importunação sexual; assédio sexual, falsificação; corrupção; adulteração ou alteração de produto destinado a fins terapêuticos e medicinais; exercício ilegal da medicina; falsificação de documento público; uso de documento falso; falsidade ideológica; peculato; extravio, sonegação ou inutilização de livro ou documento público e; contravenções relativas à organização do trabalho como exercício ilegal de profissão. A maioria das ocorrências foram de natureza procedimental com resultado óbito ou lesão corporal, tendo maior incidência no ato negligente. Quanto às ocorrências de natureza atitudinal, o exercício ilegal de profissão teve maior incidência, seguida de falsificação de documento. Como desfecho dos julgamentos, 63,3% dos profissionais envolvidos foram considerados culpados e a penalidade mais aplicada foi advertência (21,5%). Conclusão: Os resultados do estudo foram de suma importãncia para identificar as ocorrências envolvendo tipos penais e com isso, a necessidade de se aprofundar a discussão sobre os problemas éticos na prática cotidiana do trabalho em enfermagem.

Resumen Objetivo: Describir los casos éticos de enfermería que incluyen tipos penales en procesos éticos (PE) juzgados por el Consejo Regional de Enfermería de São Paulo (Coren/SP). Métodos: Estudio descriptivo con enfoque cuantitativo. La muestra fue formada por documentos relacionados con 169 profesionales juzgados en 2012 y 2013 en el Coren/SP por casos que incluyeron tipos penales. Resultados: Profesionales de nivel intermedio fueron los más involucrados (71 %), con mayor participación de Auxiliares de Enfermería (46,12 %). Se detectó una mayor prevalencia de iniciantes en el ejercicio profesional. Los episodios descriptos como tipos penales fueron: homicidio; lesión corporal; abandono de incapaz; malos tratos; injuria; hurto; apropiación indebida; estafa; profanación de cadáver; violación; hostigamiento sexual; acoso sexual; falsificación; corrupción; adulteración o modificación de producto destinado a fines terapéuticos y medicinales; ejercicio ilegal de la medicina; falsificación de documento público; uso de documento falso; falsedad ideológica; malversación de fondos; pérdida, apropiación o inutilización de libro o documento público, e infracciones relacionadas con la organización del trabajo como ejercicio ilegal de la profesión. La mayoría de los episodios fueron de naturaleza procedimental con resultado de fallecimiento o lesión corporal, con una mayor incidencia en el acto negligente. Con relación a los episodios de naturaleza actitudinal, el ejercicio ilegal de la profesión tuvo una incidencia mayor, seguida por la falsificación de documento. Como resultado de los juzgamientos, el 63,3 % de los profesionales involucrados fueron considerados culpables y la pena más aplicada fue advertencia (21,5 %). Conclusión: Los resultados del estudio fueron de suma importancia para identificar los casos que incluyen tipos penales y, por lo tanto, también lo es la necesidad de profundizar la discusión sobre problemas éticos en la práctica cotidiana del trabajo de enfermería.

Abstract Objective: To describe the ethical violations involving legal actions in ethical lawsuits (ELs) judged by the Regional Nursing Council of São Paulo (Coren/SP). Method: Descriptive study with a quantitative approach. The sample consisted of documents related to 169 professionals tried in 2012 and 2013 at Coren-SP for cases involving legal actions. Results: Professionals with complete high school were more involved in lawsuits (71%), most professionals were Nursing Assistants (46.12%) and early career professionals. The occurrences described as legal actions were: homicide; bodily injury; abandonment of disabled person; maltreatment; defamation; theft; embezzlement; swindling; abuse of corpse; rape; sexual abuse; sexual harassment; forgery; corruption; counterfeiting, contamination, adulteration or alteration of product intended for therapeutic or medicinal purposes; illegal practice of medicine; forgery of public document; use of false document; identity fraud; peculation; loss, fraud or destruction of a public book or document; and misdemeanors related to the organization of work as an illegal exercise of profession. Most of the occurrences had a procedural nature and resulted in death or bodily injury, with a greater incidence of negligent acts. As for the attitudinal occurrences, the illegal exercise of profession had a higher incidence, followed by forgery of documents. As for the outcome of the trials, 63.3% of the professionals involved were found guilty and the most applied penalty was a warning (21.5%). Conclusion: The results of the study were extremely important to identify the occurrences involving legal actions and, consequently, the need to deepen the discussion about ethical issues in the daily nursing practice.

Medical Liability of Healthcare Professionals Under Omani Law: A Primer.

Professionals in healthcare face, not infrequently, medical liability issues in their practice. Worldwide, patient safety has become a major medical, legal, ethical, political, and economic concern. Oman has witnessed a leap in its medical and legal spheres over the last half a century. Developments in healthcare services in the country have taken place in parallel with developments in legal awareness regarding patient safety and bodily integrity. However, many healthcare practitioners remain unaware of medical liability essentials in their daily practice. Neither basic medical education nor professional development education incorporates medical law in general and, specifically, medical liability in their courses and curricula. Hence, this article attempts to present the essentials of medical liability in healthcare practice in accordance with existing Omani legislation. It defines medical liability and identifies four types of liability that healthcare practitioners might be prone to penal, civil, disciplinary, and administrative liabilities. Each of these forms of liability is discussed with examples illustrating it from enacted Omani laws. This paper concludes by recommending a further focus on medical law in basic and professional education of healthcare practitioners in Oman.

Análise ético-legal de prontuários clínicos de cursos de odontologia brasileiros / Ethical-legal evaluation of clinical records in Brazilian dentistry courses / Análisis ético-legal de registros clínicos de cursos de grado en odontología en Brasil

Resumo Este estudo objetiva analisar prontuários odontológicos utilizados na graduação em odontologia no Brasil, considerando sua adequação à legislação e diretrizes éticas em vigor. Os coordenadores dos 220 cursos cadastrados na página eletrônica do Conselho Federal de Odontologia foram convidados, e 96 deles aceitaram participar da pesquisa. Para coletar e analisar os dados, utilizou-se roteiro estruturado com questões éticas e legais. Do total da amostra, 53,2% dos prontuários apresentaram todos os documentos mínimos necessários, mas nenhum cumpriu todos os requisitos de identificação do paciente, anamnese, termo de consentimento livre e esclarecido e odontograma. Além disso, 17,8% cumpriram todos os itens relativos a planejamento e 61,5% atenderam às exigências de autorização para uso de dados e imagens. Conclui-se que os prontuários não se adequam à legislação atual, devendo ser revistos a fim de melhorar a qualidade da informação e evitar problemas administrativos, morais e jurídicos.

Abstract This study analyzes the dental records used in the Brazilian dentistry courses, considering their suitability regarding the ethical guidelines of the legislation in force in the country. All the coordinators of the 220 graduation courses registered on the Federal Council of Dentistry's website were invited, and 96 (43.6%) accepted to participate in our research. For the collection and analysis of data, we used a structured questionnaire with ethical and legislative questions. Of the total sample, 53.2% presented all the necessary minimum documents, but none of them met all the requirements of patient identification, anamnesis, informed consent form, and odontograms. Moreover, 17.8% fulfilled all the items for planning, and 61.5% had the authorization for the use of data and images. We concluded that these records do not conform to the current legislation and must be updated in order to obtain an improvement in the quality of the information, avoiding administrative, moral and legal problems.

Resumen Este estudio objetivó analizar los registros odontológicos utilizados en cursos de grado en odontología en Brasil, verificando su adecuación a la legislación y directrices en vigor. Se invitaron a todos los coordinadores de 220 cursos registrados en la página electrónica del Consejo Federal de Odontología, y 96 aceptaron participar. Para la recolección y análisis de datos, se utilizó un guion estructurado abordando cuestiones éticas y de legislación. Del total, el 53,2% de los registros clínicos presentaron los documentos mínimos requeridos; ninguno cumplió todos los requisitos de identificación del paciente, anamnesis, formulario de consentimiento informado y odontograma; el 17,8% cumplió todos los ítems de planificación; y el 61,5% atendió a los ítems de autorización del uso de datos y imágenes. Se concluye que estos registros no se adecuan a la legislación vigente y deben ser actualizados para mejorar la calidad de las informaciones, evitando problemas de orden administrativo, moral y legal.

[Legal liability of stomatological institutions in responding to state public health emergencies].

Crisis management in emergent public health event is a global difficult problem for researchers worldwide, which is highlighted by World Health Organization for its vital importance to public sanitation and health, life quality and survival. This article briefly analyzes and summarizes the relevant legal issues faced by stomatological institutions and workers after the emergent crisis caused by COVID-19 virus breakout in China since December 2019, so as to provide legal advises and guidance to stomatological institutions for responding public health emergencies.

Ética y deontología en el ejercicio de la medicina. La responsabilidad de la enfermera / Ethics and deontology in the practice of medicine. The responsibility of the nurse

El hospital como parte integrante de una estructura tanto medica como social tiene su misión, consistente en proporcionar a la población usuaria una atención completa a su salud, desde el punto de vista curativo, preventivo y rehabilitatorio e irradiándose con sus servicios externos hasta el ámbito familiar. Por lo tanto su personal representa un conjunto de personas que, cada una desde su área de competencia respectiva, trabaja en forma coordinada, buscando el bien común, proporcionando atención a los usuarios de los servicios. La relación entre los diferentes profesionales que integran el equipo de salud de un hospital, implica una compleja trama de interrelaciones y acciones que se traducen en comportamientos referidos tanto a las "formas de estar" dentro de su profesión, como a la realización de las actividades propias de su función. Con el fin de asegurar la concordancia de la conducta de cada miembro de la colectividad hospitalaria, con los intereses de los demás, sano y enfermo, surge la necesidad de recordar la finalidad de la deontología, disciplina que orienta nuestro modo de actuar en la vida, o sea nuestra conducta, con un sentido del deber. La enfermera, al igual que el resto de profesionistas, recibe un título profesional que le da el derecho a practicar su propia profesión y la obliga al cumplimiento de los deberes que le son inherentes, teniendo como último el bienestar social. Es así, que como todos ellos, tenemos la RESPONSABILIDAD PROFESIONAL, que es la obligación de rendir cuenta de nuestros propios actos.

The hospital as an integral part of a medical and social structure has its mission, consisting of providing the user population with complete attention to their health, from the curative, preventive and rehabilitative point of view and irradiaridose with their external services to the family . Therefore, its staff represents a group of clue people, each from their respective area of competence, work It goes down in a coordinated way, looking for the common good, providing attention to the users of the services. The relationship between the different professionals that make up the health team of a hospital, involves a complex web of interrelationships and actions that translate into behaviors referred to both the "ways of being" within their profession, as well as the performance of the activities proper to its function. In order to ensure the concordance of the behavior of each member of the hospital community, with the interests of others, healthy and sick, there is a need to remember the purpose of deontology, a discipline that guides our way of acting in life , that is, our behavior, with a sense of duty. The nurse, like all other professionals, receives a professional degree that gives her the right to practice her own profession and obliges her to comply with the duties inherent to her, having as an ultimate social welfare. Thus, like all of them, we have PROFESSIONAL RESPONSIBILITY, which is the obligation to render an account of our own acts.

[Nosocomial infections with regard to medical liability]. / Les infections nosocomiales au regard de la responsabilité médicale.

Nosocomial infections in the light of medical liability. The law of March 4, 2002 unified in France the various liability regimes for nosocomial infections without, however, terminating the previous regimes which still apply in special circumstances. Currently, if the doctor is only liable in case of fault, healthcare establishments are still subjected to a strict system of full liability, from which they can only be exempted by providing the difficult proof of an external cause. A public body, Oniam, has to take care of the most serious infections, without prejudice to any recourse against the professional or the health establishment in case of misconduct.

Les infections nosocomiales au regard de la responsabilité médicale. La loi du 4 mars 2002 a unifié en France les différents régimes de responsabilité en matière d'infections nosocomiales sans mettre fin, pour autant, aux régimes antérieurs qui s'appliquent encore dans des circonstances particulières. Actuellement, si le médecin n'est responsable qu'en cas de faute, les établissements de santé restent soumis à un strict régime de responsabilité de plein droit, dont ils ne peuvent s'exonérer qu'en rapportant la preuve difficile d'une cause étrangère. Un organisme public, l'Oniam, étant tenu de prendre en charge les infections les plus graves, sans préjudice d'un éventuel recours contre le professionnel ou l'établissement de santé en cas de faute.

Culpas no médicas de los hospitales públicos / Culpas não médicas dos hospitais públicos / Non-medical malpractice in public hospitals

Resumen: La culpa es un elemento central de la responsabilidad de los hospitales públicos en Derecho público chileno. Tratándose de daños provocados por comportamientos no médicos, la culpa se presenta normalmente de modo trivial. El artículo analiza las categorías típicas de esta responsabilidad, que corresponden a fallas en los cuidados al paciente (incluyendo defectos de vigilancia), desórdenes administrativos y deficiencia o insuficiencia de los equipos. Los jueces suelen abordar estos casos como si se tratara de faltas administrativas corrientes.

Resumo: A culpa é um elemento da responsabilidade dos hospitais públicos no Direito público chileno. Tratando-se de danos provocados por comportamentos não médicos, a culpar se apresenta normalmente de modo trivial. O artigo analisa as categorias típicas desta responsabilidade, que correspondem a falhas nos cuidados ao paciente (incluindo defeitos de vigilância), desordens admnistrativas e deficiência ou insuficiência das equipes. Os juízes geralmente abordam estes casos como se fossem faltas administrativas comuns.

Abstract: Negligence is a key element of public hospitals' responsibility under Chilean public law. When damages are provoked by non-medical misconducts, negligence is often shown under an unspecific face. This paper analyses the typical categories of this kind of liability, namely improper care (including failure to monitor patients), administrative dysfunctions, insufficient or defective devices. Judges normally look these cases as if they were ordinary administrative faults.

[Quality management from a legal point of view]. / Qualitätsmanagement aus juristischer Sicht.

The aim of quality management in medicine must be to increase the safety of treatment, to optimize the treatment results, but also to confirm economic justifiability. Participation in multiagency quality assurance measures should create the possibility to assess the quality of the services offered compared with other service providers and to recognize and correct corresponding deficits. Comparative examinations and assessments should serve to improve the quality of the results. The benefits of quality management as an important approach to promoting patient safety should be made known to all stakeholders. Patient-oriented process optimization and patient satisfaction are the focus. Furthermore, quality management should help increase the satisfaction of everyone involved in the process.

[Obtaining Informed Consent for Anesthesia in Elective Surgery at a Tertiary-Care Hospital: Practices and Ethical-Legal Context]. / Obtenção de Consentimento Informado para Anestesia em Cirurgia Eletiva num Hospital Terciário: Práticas e Contexto Ético-Legal.

INTRODUCTION: Informed consent is an active process of the doctor-patient relationship, based on ethical and legal principles. The anesthetic act has inherent risks, which should be subject of specific consent. The aim of this study was to evaluate the degree of implementation of written specific informed consent for anesthesia in the context of elective surgery. MATERIAL AND METHODS: An observational prospective study, at a tertiary university hospital, in 230 patients aged 60 years or older, undergoing elective surgery between May and July 2017. Eligible patients who consented to participate were interviewed clinically on the day before surgery. In the postoperative period, the anesthetic technique and the existence of the written informed consent for the anesthetic and surgical procedures were assessed. Patients who were unable to give informed consent or those admitted in the Intensive Care Unit after surgery were excluded. RESULTS: Written informed consent for the surgical procedure was obtained for 225 (97.8%), while it was obtained in just 96 (41.7%) patients for the anesthetic act. There was a higher prevalence of stroke, anemia, and higher Charlson and physical American Society of Anesthesiologists scores in patients without written informed consent for the anesthetic act. DISCUSSION: We identified a low implementation of written informed consent for anesthesia. This situation may have important implications in the context of disciplinary, civil or criminal liability. CONCLUSION: Despite its importance, the practice of written informed consent for anesthesia in this institution is not yet implemented on a regular basis.

Introdução: O consentimento informado é um processo ativo na relação médico-doente, assente em valores éticos e legais. O ato anestésico tem riscos inerentes, que devem ser alvo de consentimento específico. O objetivo deste estudo foi avaliar o grau de implementação do consentimento informado escrito para o ato anestésico no contexto de cirurgia eletiva. Material e Métodos: Estudo observacional prospetivo, num hospital terciário e universitário, em 230 doentes com idade igual ou superior a 60 anos submetidos a cirurgia eletiva entre maio e julho de 2017. Aos doentes elegíveis que consentiram participar, foi realizada entrevista clínica no dia prévio à cirurgia. No pós-operatório, foi averiguada a técnica anestésica realizada, e a existência do consentimento informado por escrito para o ato anestésico e cirúrgico. Doentes incapazes de dar consentimento informado ou admitidos na unidade de cuidados intensivos após cirurgia foram excluídos. Resultados: Em 225 (97,8%) dos doentes, verificou-se a obtenção, por escrito, do consentimento informado para o ato cirúrgico, mas apenas em 96 (41,7%) verificou-se a obtenção por escrito do consentimento informado para o ato anestésico. De entre os doentes sem registo de consentimento informado para o ato anestésico, foram mais prevalentes antecedentes de acidente vascular cerebral, anemia e scores de Charlson e de estado físico conforme à Sociedade Americana de Anestesiologia mais elevados. Discussão: Identificámos uma baixa implementação do consentimento informado escrito para o ato anestésico. Esta situação pode ter importantes implicações em contexto de responsabilidade disciplinar, civil ou penal. Conclusão: Apesar da sua importância, a prática do consentimento informado escrito para o ato anestésico nesta instituição não está implementada regularmente.

La culpa médica en la responsabilidad de los hospitales públicos / Medical malpractice in public hospitals

Under Chilean public law, liability of a public hospital appears when the institution fails to accomplish its mandatory duties or incurs in negligence. As in private law liability, this system requires to determine the duties of hospitals and, in case of a medical accident, professional standards or duties. This paper explores the two main categories of medical malpractice, namely erroneous diagnosis and treatment failures based on public law theory and judiciary methods.

Actualidad del deber de informar en Chile / The duty to inform in the Chilean legislation

The new Chilean regulation about patients' rights and duties is generating a significant change in the information that health care professionals must provide to their patients. This issue will gravitate on medical liability. If this duty is accomplished incorrectly, professionals would fall into an illicit act and become liable to lawsuits and compensations to patients. This article provides a panoramic view about the grounds and content of the duty to inform and how judges are regulating the issue.

[Research Status on Off-label Use in Appraisal for Medical Malpractice].

Off-label use is widely happened in medical practice. But for now, there is no clear legalistic demarcation for the behaviour of off-label use. Even in medical and legal fields, the consensus has not been reached. Once the behaviour of off-label use caused medical damage, it is difficult for appraisal profession to provide a clear demarcation. This article reviews the status of clinical domestic and foreign off-label use, the research status in the fields of laws and regulations and the basic consensus of domestic off-label use, for peer reference.